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短文写作体裁及其写作要领
常见的英语作文体裁包括描写文(Description)、叙述文(Narration)、说明文(Exposition)和论说文(Argumentation)。 高中生作文网
作文网 小学
一、议 论 文
论说文是采用逻辑证实或推理的方法, 阐述作者的态度和观点的一种体裁。在论说文的写作过程中, 可以从正面提出自己的某一观点, 也可以针对某种错误的观点入行批评反驳。论说文一般应该具备论点、论据和结论三个要素, 在写论说文的时候, 要留意五个方面的题目, 即, 主题明确, 论据充分, 逻辑严密, 结构清晰, 立场忠诚友好。论说文就种类来说可以分为以下四种类型。
(1) 比较性论说文(Analyzing-Alternative Essay)。 比较性论说文用于在两种或两种以上的事物或观点之间作出比较。在对两种事物或观点作比较时, 一定要找出它们的异同点, 在对两事物入行比较和对照之后, 要明确提出自己的见解或熟悉。例如:
例1.Directions: Traditional ways of life are often changed by modern technology. Using one or two examples of such changes, compare the new ways with the old. Which way of life do you like better? Why?
Technology threatens and inflicts damage upon our quality of life. Scientific achievement of this century is creating a wide- spread plague that would soon destroy the entire world. Let's take, for example, our air. Due to massive air pollution, what we breathe is not relatively safe as it used to be. The fumes from the exhaust pipes of automobiles, trucks and factories blow waste materials into the atmosphere. After a period of time, atmospheric change occur. The fumes, that were collected in atmosphere, are slowly eating away at the ozone layer. This layer of the atmosphere is what shields us from solar ultra -violent rays. Once this layer is gone, our natural protection against the sun would be gone, and if we were hit by one ray of the sun, we'd burst into flames and fired into a cinder.
Another plague of technology would be nuclear power. The power that can energize entire cities with electricity could also be the power to destroy. After 1945, the research on nuclear power has increased significantly. Contrary to the belief that it is safe, nuclear power has a way of destroying the whole cities. It is not like a fire that can be put out with water or CO2, but special equipments have to be used. Afterwards, that place would remain radioactive for quite a long time, devoid of life and sound.
So you see, if technology cannot be halted, then our fate is sealed. Our end would not come about by natural means, but by our technological achievements. And life on Earth would cease to exist.
例2. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Bicycle?An Important Means Transportation in China. You should base your composition on the following outline.
1. 为什么自行车在中国这样普及;
2. 和汽车比较;
3. 自行车在中国的前途;
Bicycle, as a means of transport, is an indispensable companion of most Chinese. Each Chinese family possesses at least one bicycle. China is therefore called ?he Bicycle Kingdom? The popularity of bicycle in China, I think, is mainly due to the economy of the country and its people. China, as one of the developing countries, has no financial potential to expand its road and to manufacture so many cars to satisfy the need of so many Chinese.
Compared with cars, bicycle, however, still has some advantages. First, it is very convenient. For its small size, it does not need special parking space. It can be parked almost everywhere. For its light weight, it can be carried upstairs and downstairs.
Second,driven by man power, it doesn't need fuel. Hence it has nothing to do with air pollution and energy crisis. Third, China is still a developing country. Most people can afford a bicycle, but not a more advanced vehicle car.
With so many advantages, bicycle will remain to be an important means of transport in China in the following years. But I think with the rapid development of Chinese economy, more and more Chinese will own a car. Cars will surely substitute bicycle in the future.
上面这篇短文是在不同的事物之间入行比较, 绝管没有明确地说明另一个事物的情况, 但在论述一个事物的同时, 另一种事物的特点也就很轻易地体现出来了。
例3.Where to Live ?In the City or the Country
Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city. Living in large cities, people can participate in the political and cultural activities and see the latest films. In the city there are good schools for children and big department stores selling a great variety of goods produced in every part of the world.
While many people in the countryside are trying to come to the cities, the city dwellers have recognized the attractions of the country. In the countryside, the air is clean, the food is fresh, and the houses are usually spacious with large courtyard around them. If one enjoys fishing or gardening, then the country is where he should live.
However, living either in the city or in the country has its disadvantages. The city is always noisy and crowded, and its air is heavily polluted. But in the country, far away from the numerous exciting activities, one may feel isolated or bored. So, I prefer to live in the city where I can enjoy the conveniences offered by our civilization and take my vacations in the country, relaxing and appreciating the quiet and peaceful natural beauty.
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